Interviewing principles and practices 14th edition pdf download

At a personal and organiza- fit for you. Notice the importance of communica- tional level, effective, consistent, value-based com- tion in each case. When a communicator tries to use the verbal style associated with one culture in a different one, problems are likely to arise. Gudykunst describes three important types of cultural differ- ences in verbal style: 1.

Direct versus indirect. Elaborate versus succinct. For instance, speakers of Arabic commonly use language that is much more rich and expressive than normally found in English. Strong assertions and exaggerations that would sound outlandish in English are a common feature of Arabic. This contrast in linguistic style can lead to misunderstandings between people from different backgrounds.

Succinctness is most extreme in cultures where silence is valued. Formal versus informal. One guidebook for British readers who want to understand how Americans communicate describes the openness and informality that characterizes U.

This does not necessarily mean he will remember your name the next day. Faul, , p. The informal approach that characterizes communication in countries such as the United States is quite different from the great concern for propriety in many parts of Asia and Africa. Verbal codes also operate closer to home, where people from different regions, socioeco- nomic backgrounds, generations, and ethnic groups have distinct ways of speaking.

Consider how people could likely make ac- curate guesses about the co-culture s in which you were raised just by listening to you talk. Code-switching is a form of communication competence that increases the chances of achiev- The TV series Orange Is the ing your goals. One American expat living in Ireland offered an amusing New Black follows Piper Chap- account of how switching codes to sound more like a native helped save man Taylor Schilling , whose privileged life changes when she money Thompson, : is sentenced to a term in federal prison.

Piper has to adapt to We noticed there were often two prices for goods and services— the culture of prison—including reasonable prices for the locals and much more expensive costs for its raw language codes—to others Americans.

It was not easy, but I practiced my Irish accent until survive. Code-switching is a far more serious matter for members of some co-cultures. So the clipped words, slang and biting humor we use with friends becomes smoothed out. We take on a style that our white peers find safe and nonthreatening. Think of it as a type of bilingual ability. And when she was comfortable with people who appreciated her heritage, she could settle into the manner of speaking she learned while growing up.

The gov- cation researcher Mariko Kotani finds that culture erning code is to apologize profusely, then move on.

The tongues to learn more about their speech codes. Explain until you get absolved. Are it might be said several times. Its primary meaning explanations helpful or not? Offering explanations cultures may perceive their well-intentioned words. Kotani, M. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, — For instance, people of all cultures convey messages through facial expressions and gestures.

Furthermore, some of these physical displays have the same meaning everywhere. Crying is a universal sign of unhappiness or pain, and smiles signal friendly inten- tions. Of course, smiles and tears may be insincere and manipulative, but their overt meanings are similar and constant in every culture.

Despite nonverbal similarities, the range of differences in nonverbal behavior is tremendous. Less obvious cross-cultural differences can damage relationships with- out the communicators ever recognizing exactly what has gone wrong Beaulieu, For example, Anglo-Saxons use the largest zone of personal space, followed by Asians. The Middle Easterner might keep moving forward to close the gap, while the North American would back away. Both would probably feel uncomfortable. Like distance, patterns of eye contact vary around the world.

In either case, deviations from the norm are likely to make a culturally uneducated listener uncomfortable. In the rest of this chapter, we focus on answering this question.

To a great degree, interacting successfully with people from different cultures calls for the same ingredients of general communicative compe- tence outlined in Chapter 1. A genuine concern for others plays an impor- tant role. Cognitive complexity and the ability to empathize also help, although empathizing with someone from another culture can be chal- lenging Cassels et al.

Finally, self-monitoring is important because the need to make mid-course corrections in your approach is often neces- sary when dealing with people from other cultures. Imagine yourself interacting with people from a wide variety of cultural groups, not just one or two. I am conscious of the cultural knowledge I use when interacting with people with different cultural backgrounds. I adjust my cultural knowledge as I interact with people from a culture that is unfamiliar to me.

I check the accuracy of my cultural knowledge as I interact with people from different cultures. I am confident that I can socialize with locals in a culture that is unfamiliar to me. I change my verbal behavior e. Adapted from Ang, S. Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, — Some other ways of thinking described here are essential when dealing with people from other backgrounds Samovar et al.

When we encounter communicators from different cultures, the level of uncertainty is especially high. Consider the basic challenge of communicating in an unfamiliar language. Pico Iyer , pp. But later I looked up suki and found that I had delivered an almost naked protestation of love. Meanwhile, of course, nearly all her shadings were lost to me. Competent intercultural communicators accept—even welcome—this kind of ambiguity. Iyer , pp. Without a tolerance for ambiguity, the mass of often confusing and sometimes downright incomprehensible messages that bombard intercul- tural sojourners would be impossible to manage.

Some people seem to come equipped with this sort of tolerance, while others have to cultivate it. One way or the other, that ability to live with uncertainty is an essential in- gredient of intercultural communication competence Gudykunst, An ethno- centric person thinks—either privately or openly—that anyone who does not belong to his or her in-group is somehow strange, wrong, or even in- ferior.

See the Watch and Discuss feature in this section for an example. Travel writer Rick Steves n. People in some cultures blow their nose right onto the street. Few things will open your mind to a foreign culture more than learn- ing its language Mafela, Ethnocentrism leads to an attitude of prejudice—an unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group. Stereotypical prejudices include the obvious exaggera- tions that all women are emotional, all men are sex-crazed and insensitive goons, all older people are out of touch with reality, and all immigrants are welfare parasites.

Stereotyping can even be a risk when it comes to knowledge of cultural characteristics such as individualism or collectivism. Not all members of a group are equally individualistic or collectivistic.

For example, a close look at Americans of European and Latin descent showed differences within each group Oetzel, Some Latinos were more independent than some European Americans, and vice versa. Open- mindedness is especially important in intercultural work teams Matveev, We have more to say about stereotyping in Chapter 4. Communicators need to possess enough knowledge of other cultures to know what approaches are appropriate.

How can a communicator acquire the culture-specific information that leads to competence? Communicators who lack this quality blunder through intercultural encounters mindlessly, oblivious of how their own behavior may confuse or offend others, and how behavior that they consider weird may be simply different. To top it off, you may feel disappointed in yourself for not adapting as.

Gina myself. Society takes care of those who are weak. But that ers, while an American came away with this change: relationship is deeper.

Barker, G. Cross-cultural perspectives on intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, 13— This stage—which typically feels like a crisis—has acquired the labels culture shock or adjustment shock. When Lynn Chih-Ning Chang came to the United States from Taiwan for graduate school, she cried every day on the way home from class. All her life, she had been taught that it was respectful and ladylike to sit quietly and listen, so she was shocked that American students spoke aloud without raising their hands, interrupted each other, addressed the teacher by first name, and ate food in the classroom.

Communication theorist Young Yum Kim has studied cultural adaptation extensively. Kim encourages sojourners to regard stress as a good sign. It means they have the potential to adapt and grow. Chang, the Taiwanese student adapting to life in America, learned this firsthand. At first, she says, she was reluctant to approach American students and they were re- luctant to approach her.

Gradually, she got up the courage to initiate con- versations, and she found that her classmates were friendly and receptive. Eventually, she made friends, began to fit in, and successfully completed her degree.

Instead, people tend to take two steps forward and one step back and to repeat that pattern many times. Above all, she says, if people are patient and they keep trying, the rewards are worth it.

In a diverse society, in- Objective 2. The growing diversity of American culture at home Q: What are the most salient intercultural dif- and the increased exposure to people from around ferences you are likely to encounter in your the world make an understanding of intercultural interpersonal relationships?

Objective 2. When members of different cultures interact, their values can affect interaction in ways that may be Objective 2. Verbal codes include language spoken Q: What key values characterize the culture in and the worldview created by it, as well as verbal which you communicate most comfortably?

Nonverbal codes also differ significantly, as do the attributions that cultural Q: What communication challenges arise when conditioning generates. Q: Describe a set of cultural values, norms, and codes different from yours that could result in different cultural communication Objective 2. Q: What co-cultures do you belong to, and Q: Explain how you can apply the guidelines what rules govern communication within these for intercultural competence in this chapter groups?

How do these rules differ for members when interacting with people of cultural back- of other co-cultures you are likely to encounter? With a group of classmates, identify the co-cultures 3. The At Work sidebar on p. What in-groups do ganizations have the properties of a culture. Select you belong to?

You can best answer this question a place of business where you have worked and de- by thinking about whom you regard as belonging to scribe in a few sentences its organizational culture. Based on your observations, consider What rules, either explicit or implicit, guide the the criteria you use to define in- and out-groups. Do communication in that workplace?

Describe how you rely on race? How do these cultural norms affect how you have inter- your judgments about in-and out-group member- acted with supervisors, coworkers, and customers ship affect your communication with others?

With a partner, identify one of your important 4. Identify one culture with which you currently in- interpersonal relationships. Consider how that rela- teract or could interact with in the future. For example, if your com- personal interviews. Based on your findings, de- munication is low context, how would things be dif- scribe the steps you can take to communicate more ferent if you shifted to a high-context style? Use the criteria on pages 60—64 to evaluate your avoided any surprises?

Based on your answers, con- intercultural communication competence. If pos- sider the advantages and disadvantages of the cultural sible, invite someone from a different culture or values and norms you hold. Think about the pros and co-culture to help with this assessment.

Add responses to items 1, 2, and 3. This is your metacognitive cultural intelligence score Add responses to items 4, 5, and 6. This is your cognitive cultural intel- ligence score. Add responses to items 7, 8, and 9. This is your motivational cultural intelligence score. Add responses to items 10, 11, 12, 13, and This is your behavioral cultural intelligence score. Metacognitive cultural intelligence refers to the mental processes individ- uals use, such as planning and monitoring, to understand cultures.

Cognitive cultural intelligence refers to knowledge of the norms, prac- tices, and conventions in different cultures. Those with high cognitive cul- tural intelligence—scores of 11 and higher—understand similarities and differences across cultures. Motivational cultural intelligence refers to the capability to direct at- tention and energy toward learning about and functioning in situations characterized by cultural differences. Behavioral cultural intelligence refers to the capability to exhibit ap- propriate verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors when interacting with people from different cultures.

Those with high behavioral cultural intelligence—scores of 21 and higher—exhibit behaviors appropriate to the situation. Before reading on, take a few minutes to try a simple exercise. First, make a list of the 10 words or phrases that describe the most important features of who you are.

Some may be social roles student, son or daughter, employee. Some may be physical characteristics athletic, tall , others intellectual smart, inquisitive. Perhaps you can best define yourself in terms of moods, feelings, or attitudes optimistic, critical, energetic. Or you could consider your social char- acteristics outgoing, shy, defensive.

You may highlight belief systems pacifist, Christian, vegetarian, libertarian. Maybe your work is an important part of who you are barista, teacher, blogger. Finally, you could focus on particular skills swimmer, artist, chess player. In any case, choose 10 words or phrases that best describe you and write them down. Next, reorder your list, ranking the 10 items from most to least fundamental to your identity. Imagine a mirror that reflected not only your appearance but other aspects of who you are— your typical emotional states, special talents, likes, dislikes, values, roles, and so on.

That reflection would be your self-concept. Note that any description you constructed in this exercise is only a partial one. Of course, not every dimension of your self-concept list is equally important, and the types of descriptions that are most important vary from person to person.

Self-esteem is the part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth. Your self-concept might include being quiet, argumentative, or serious. How you feel about these qualities determines your self-esteem. Self-esteem evaluations begin at a young age Cvencek et al. These feelings increase the chance that communication will be success- ful, and successes contribute to positive self-evaluations, which reinforce self-esteem.

Of course, the same principle can work in a negative cycle when communicators have low self-esteem. What could be a tool for connecting with others can thus perpetuate low self-esteem.

Desirable behavior Undesirable behavior e. People with high self-esteem may think they make better impressions on others and have better friendships and romantic lives, but neither impartial observers nor objective tests verify these be- liefs Baumeister et al. Moreover, people with low self-esteem have the potential to change their self-appraisals. The point here is that positive self-evaluations can often be the starting point for positive communication with others. As the child develops, this rudimentary sense of identity expands into a much more complete and sophisticated picture that resembles the self- concept of adults.

Two complementary theories describe how interaction with others shapes the way individuals view themselves: reflected appraisal and social comparison. Reflected Appraisal Now try the following exercise. First, recall someone who helped enhance your self-esteem by acting in a way that made you feel accepted, worth- while, important, appreciated, or loved.

For instance, you might recall a childhood teacher who took time to encourage you specifically. To the extent that you have received supportive messages, you have learned to appreciate and value yourself. What messages from your childhood Social scientists use the term significant other to describe a person have affected your self- whose evaluations are especially influential Dehart et al. Messages concept and the way you from parents, of course, are an early and important influence on the self- communicate?

Supportive parents are more likely than unsupportive ones to raise children with stable self-concepts and high self-esteem Sillars et al. Unfortunately, not all parental messages are positive. Along with family, the messages from many other significant others shape our self-concept. You might argue that not every part of your self-concept is shaped by others.

After all, nobody needs to tell you whether you are tall, speak with an accent, have curly hair, and so on. Indeed, some features of the self are immediately apparent. But the significance we attach to them—that is, the rank we assign them in the hierarchy of our list and the interpretation we give them—depends greatly on the opinions of others.

We decide whether we are superior or inferior which influences our self-esteem and similar or dif- ferent which influences our self-concept by comparing ourselves to what social scientists call reference groups—others against whom we evaluate our own characteristics Van De Gaer et al.

You might feel ordinary or inferior in terms of talent, friendships, or at- tractiveness if you compare yourself with an inappropriate reference group. For instance, studies have shown that young women who regularly compare themselves with ultra-thin models develop negative appraisals of their own bodies, in some cases leading to eating disorders Arroyo, ; Krcmar et al. Along with its personal and relational benefits, Face- more strangers on Instagram.

For those who book usage has been linked with lower self-esteem mostly followed friends and family, social compari- and even depression for some users. A research sons were generally positive and depressive symp- team led by Katerina Lup wanted to know if the same toms low. They were also given a battery of tests self-portrayals. The researchers were not surprised to with them are thus more depressing.

Consider limiting the number of ative social comparison, and depressive symptoms. Lup, K. Instagram instasad? In particular, Facebook comparisons can lead to lowered self- esteem and even depression Cramer et al. The Focus on Research sidebar on this page describes how Instagram users can make similar negative comparisons—and how choosing appropriate reference groups can be an antidote to the problem.

Once you place yourself alongside a truly representative sample, your self-concept may become more realistic. Sometimes we have unrealistically favorable self-appraisals. As another example, people are notoriously bad judges of their own communication skills. In another study Myers, , college students were asked to rank themselves on their ability to get along with others.

Defying mathematical laws, all subjects—every last one of more Watch and Discuss than ,—put themselves in the top half of the population. These stu- 1. Consider how reflected ap- dents had similarly lofty appraisals of their leadership and athletic abilities. Although 2. Discuss the role of everyone suffers occasional bouts of low self-esteem, some people suffer media models in shaping from long-term or even permanent states of excessive self-doubt and criti- self-images.

This chronic condition can of course influence communication with others. The remarks of overly critical parents, cruel class- mates, uncaring teachers, excessively demanding employers, or even rude strangers can have a lasting effect. Other distorted messages are unrealistically positive. From the time most of us learn to understand language, we are exposed to models who appear to be perfect.

Curiously, our perfectionist society generally rewards those who downplay their strengths. We usually consider those who show off their strengths to be braggarts or egotists, confusing them with people who boast about accomplishments they do not possess Miller et al. This convention leads many people to talk freely about and dwell on their shortcomings while downplaying their accomplishments.

Shy children might turn into outgoing adults. Moody teen- agers can become upbeat professionals. People also change from context to context. Think back to your list of self- descriptions from the exercise at the begin- ning of the chapter. How many were true of you 5 to 10 years ago? Which do you think will still be true 5 to 10 years from now?

We resist revising it and even seek The time-hopping TV series This Is Us offers a unique out people who confirm how we see our- opportunity to witness how interpersonal messages selves. Numerous studies e. Some scenes focus on the par- et al. Other times the series who view them favorably, whereas those moves to present day, revealing how those children with low self-esteem are more inclined to turned out in their late 30s.

This tendency to seek confirmation In flashback sequences, we see how messages of an existing self-concept, labeled cognitive about weight have haunted Kate Chrissy Metz most conservatism, appears to hold true for people of her life. Randall Sterling K. Brown struggles to in a variety of cultures Church et al. If you were a thoughtful, craves a spotlight of his own. All of these issues carry romantic partner early in a relationship, forward to adulthood—and the Pearson children de- it would be hard to admit that you might velop various ways to refine their self-concepts and have become less considerate and attentive maintain their self-esteem.

Curiously, the tendency to cling to an outmoded self-perception holds even when the new image would be more favorable DeMarree et al. For ex- ample, some of our former students still view themselves as underachievers despite being successful on several measures. The tragedy of this sort of cognitive conservatism is obvious.

People with unnecessarily negative self-esteem can become their own worst enemies, denying themselves the validation they deserve and the need to enjoy satisfying relationships. As you saw in the discussion surrounding Figure 3. Holding an expectation for yourself or for others 2. Behaving in accordance with that expectation 3. The expectation coming to pass 4. Reinforcing the original expectation. As a result, that person is likely to be impressed and attracted to you—and lo and behold, the two of you end up living hap- pily ever after.

Your conclusion? That horoscope sure had it right! Although it got the ball rolling, you would still be single if you had stayed home that evening.

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